An Overview of Pennsylvania's Rivers and Lakes

Largest and Famous Water Bodies

Pennsylvania is home to several prominent water features. The Susquehanna River, one of the longest rivers in the eastern U.S., flows through much of the state. Lake Erie, a Great Lake, defines Pennsylvania’s northwestern border and is well-known for its size and impact on the local economy. The Delaware River runs along the eastern edge of the state, forming the boundary with New Jersey. Additionally, Raystown Lake, a large reservoir, is a popular spot for recreation.

Water Sources of Pennsylvania's Rivers

The water in Pennsylvania’s rivers, lakes, and streams comes from various sources. Many rivers, such as the Susquehanna, are fed by local mountain snowmelt from the Appalachians. However, some rivers like the Delaware River receive water from distant sources, such as New York state. Pennsylvania's lakes are mostly fed by local precipitation and groundwater. Streams and smaller rivers also rely heavily on rainfall.

Major River Types and Waterways

Pennsylvania is rich with perennial rivers, such as the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, which flow year-round. Exotic rivers like the Delaware also cross state boundaries, carrying water from distant sources. The Monongahela River is an important tributary, feeding into the Ohio River. The state also features man-made waterways, such as the Delaware Canal, which was historically significant for transportation.

Types of Lakes in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania features a variety of lakes, with glacial lakes like Conneaut Lake being remnants of the last ice age. Anthropogenic lakes, such as Lake Wallenpaupack, were created for power generation and recreation. The state also has fluvial lakes, formed by river processes, and small cirque lakes in the highlands. Many of Pennsylvania’s lakes are man-made for specific purposes, such as flood control and hydropower.

River Flow Direction in the State

Most of Pennsylvania's major rivers run either north-south or east-west, with many flowing into larger bodies of water like the Chesapeake Bay or the Ohio River. The Susquehanna River flows from north to south, ultimately draining into the Chesapeake Bay. In contrast, the Allegheny River runs from the northeast to the southwest, eventually joining the Ohio River. Smaller rivers may follow the state's varied topography, leading to winding courses.

Natural and Man-Made Lakes in the State

The lakes in Pennsylvania are a mix of natural and man-made features. Natural lakes, like Conneaut Lake, are relatively rare but hold historical significance. Most lakes, such as Lake Wallenpaupack, were created by state or federal agencies like the Army Corps of Engineers. These man-made lakes were often formed in the 20th century, mainly for purposes like hydroelectric power and flood control. The state government and power companies were typically responsible for their creation.

River Transportation and Cargo Use

Pennsylvania's rivers are crucial for transportation, especially the Ohio and Delaware Rivers. The Port of Pittsburgh, located on the Ohio River, is a major inland port that handles millions of tons of cargo annually. In fact, about 35 million tons of cargo are transported on Pennsylvania’s rivers each year. Barges frequently transport coal, petroleum, and other goods along these waterways. While some rivers are limited in their use for ocean-bound transport, they play a vital role in regional commerce.

Uses of Dams on Rivers and Lakes

Pennsylvania has numerous dams on its rivers and lakes, primarily used for flood control, hydroelectric power, and irrigation. The Conemaugh Dam is one example, providing flood control to the surrounding area. Dams like Raystown Dam are also used for recreation, power generation, and water supply. Some dams, such as the Holtwood Dam on the Susquehanna, contribute to the state's energy grid by generating hydroelectric power.

Recreational Uses of Water Bodies

Many of Pennsylvania's rivers, lakes, and reservoirs are popular for recreational activities. Raystown Lake is a hotspot for boating, fishing, and houseboating, drawing visitors from across the state. The Delaware River is popular for kayaking and fishing, while Lake Erie is known for its jet skiing and sailing. Pennsylvania's rivers and lakes are also used for stand-up paddleboarding, canoeing, and water skiing, making them major recreation hubs.

Water Bodies Supporting Agriculture

Pennsylvania’s rivers, lakes, and reservoirs play a vital role in supporting the state’s agricultural industry. The Susquehanna River, for example, provides irrigation for farmland in central Pennsylvania. Similarly, the Allegheny Reservoir helps regulate water for agriculture and supplies water to local communities. The rivers also replenish soil and aid in the distribution of nutrients to surrounding farmland.

Pollution Issues in Pennsylvania Waterways

Several of Pennsylvania’s rivers and lakes have faced pollution challenges over the years. The Delaware River has had issues with industrial pollutants, while the Susquehanna has suffered from agricultural runoff. Lake Erie has also been impacted by pollution, particularly from agricultural fertilizers and urban runoff. However, efforts to clean and restore these water bodies have made significant progress, improving water quality over the past few decades.