An Overview of North Dakota's Rivers and Lakes

Largest and Famous Water Bodies

North Dakota is home to several large and notable rivers and lakes. The Missouri River, which flows through the western part of the state, is one of the most famous. Lake Sakakawea, a large reservoir created by the Garrison Dam, is another prominent feature. Devils Lake, the state's largest natural lake, is also widely recognized. The Red River of the North forms part of the state's eastern border with Minnesota.

Water Sources for Rivers and Lakes

Many rivers and lakes in North Dakota are fed by local precipitation, with little contribution from mountain snowmelt due to the state’s relatively flat terrain. Some water bodies, such as the Missouri River, receive water from distant sources, including the Rocky Mountains. Local streams and tributaries mainly rely on rainfall and groundwater recharge. The Red River is heavily influenced by water from the northern plains and does not rely on snowmelt from distant mountains. Additionally, the state's reservoirs store water from regional rainfall and the Missouri River system.

Major Types of Rivers in the State

North Dakota's rivers vary in type and function. Perennial rivers such as the Missouri and Red River flow year-round. Exotic rivers like the Missouri bring water from distant regions, while tributary rivers such as the Heart and Cannonball Rivers feed into larger water systems. Man-made water features include the Garrison Diversion Canal, used for irrigation. Rapids are rare, but the state's rivers often meander, particularly the winding Little Missouri River in the Badlands.

Types of Lakes in North Dakota

Most lakes in North Dakota are glacial in origin, formed during the last Ice Age. Examples include Devils Lake and Lake Sakakawea. There are also several anthropogenic lakes, such as reservoirs like Lake Oahe, created by damming rivers for flood control and hydroelectric power. Natural lakes, such as Alkali Lake, are typically shallow and salty, a result of North Dakota’s dry climate. The state does not have volcanic or tectonic lakes.

Direction of River Flow

Rivers in North Dakota generally follow two major flow directions. The Missouri River flows predominantly southeast, while the Red River of the North runs northward towards Canada. Tributaries like the Sheyenne River also flow north, contributing to the Red River system. In contrast, rivers such as the James River tend to flow southeast. The state's topography influences these flow patterns, with gentle slopes directing water toward different basins.

Natural and Man-Made Lakes

North Dakota has both natural and man-made lakes. Natural lakes like Devils Lake have existed for thousands of years, while man-made reservoirs such as Lake Sakakawea were created by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the mid-20th century. Many of the reservoirs were built for flood control, irrigation, and power generation. State and federal agencies played a significant role in the construction of these man-made water bodies. Lake Oahe is another example of a large reservoir developed for multiple uses.

Transportation on State Rivers

While rivers like the Missouri River are large, they are not heavily used for commercial transportation in North Dakota. Barges and ships primarily navigate the river farther downstream, outside the state. There is minimal cargo transport on the state's waterways, with most goods being moved by rail or road. North Dakota's rivers do not connect directly to the ocean, limiting their utility for large-scale shipping. However, some recreational and smaller commercial vessels use the Missouri River locally.

Uses and Purposes of Dams

North Dakota has numerous dams, many of which serve multiple purposes. The Garrison Dam on the Missouri River is one of the most significant, providing hydroelectric power, irrigation, flood control, and recreational opportunities. Smaller dams like Baldhill Dam help with local flood control and water storage. Some dams are also used to create reservoirs for fishing and boating. Recreation is a major benefit of these water features, especially for activities like fishing and boating.

Recreational Activities on Water Bodies

The lakes and rivers of North Dakota are popular destinations for various recreational activities. Lake Sakakawea is widely used for boating, fishing, and swimming. Devils Lake is another major hub for fishing, particularly for walleye. The Missouri River offers opportunities for kayaking, jet skiing, and other water sports. Additionally, reservoirs like Lake Tschida attract visitors for camping, boating, and water skiing.

Water Bodies Supporting Agriculture

Several rivers and reservoirs in North Dakota play a crucial role in supporting the state’s agriculture. The Garrison Diversion Project, which includes canals and reservoirs, helps irrigate large areas of farmland. The Missouri River also provides water for irrigation in western parts of the state. Additionally, smaller rivers like the Sheyenne River contribute to agricultural irrigation efforts. These water sources ensure that crops can grow in North Dakota's dry climate.

Pollution Problems in Water Bodies

Some of North Dakota’s rivers and lakes have experienced pollution issues, though these have improved in recent years. Devils Lake has struggled with high salinity levels due to evaporation and agricultural runoff. The Red River of the North has also faced pollution from agricultural chemicals and urban runoff. Efforts to clean up these water bodies have included restrictions on pollutants and increased monitoring. Overall, water quality remains a priority for the state’s environmental agencies.